Cystitis is inflammation of the walls of the bladder. It is characterized by rapid (every 15-20 minutes), sharply painful urination in small portions, sometimes with an admixture of blood, subfebrile body temperature. The transition of the disease to a chronic form, the ascent of infection and the development of the inflammatory process in the kidneys, and in decreation - in the urethra are possible. In the diagnosis of cystitis, the urine analysis and the results of ultrasound of the bladder helps the urologist. To determine the etiology of cystitis, bacterial sowing of urine and smear from the urethra is carried out. Cystitis therapy implies primarily an effective drug effect on infectious agents that caused it.
General information
Cystitis is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. In most cases, cystitis has an infectious nature. The disease is widespread, affects representatives of the weak and stronger sex, but is more common in women due to some anatomical features of the structure of the female body.
Women's urethra (urethra) wider and shorter than male, so it is easier for pathogens to penetrate the bladder. This determines the more frequent of cystitis in women. Most often, women of childbearing age are sick with cystitis. There are frequent cases when cystitis develops in one woman repeatedly, significantly worsening the quality of her life.
As a rule, cystitis is caused by representatives of conditionally pathogenic flora-an intestinal stick, streptococci, staphylococci, etc. Sometimes cystitis occurs due to infection with pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases-mycoplasma and ureaplasma.
Symptoms of cystitis
The most characteristic symptom of cystitis is painful urination, accompanied by residual sensations of burning and rub. In addition, patients with cystitis are disturbed by pain in the lower abdomen and a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder. Sometimes with cystitis, urinary incontinence develops, which appears with a strong desire to urinate.
Urine with cystitis can become muddy or acquire a reddish tint due to impurities of red blood cells. The temperature sometimes rises to 37. 5 degrees. The rise in temperature with cystitis can signal the possible disease of the kidneys, so in such cases it is urgent to apply for qualified medical care.
The prevalence of cystitis
Acute cystitis is one of the most common urological diseases. Most often, uncomplicated cystitis is found, in which microbes affect only the mucous membrane, without affecting the submucosal layer. According to studies in the field of urology, acute cystitis every year falls from 26 to 36 million people. At the same time, the incidence rates among women are 500-700 episodes per 1000, while among men aged 21 to 50 years, a similar indicator is only 6-8 cases per 1000.
Girls suffer from cystitis three times more often than boys. The disease is extremely rare in newborns and children under the age of 1 year or more common among children aged 1-3 and 13-15 years. Most often, cystitis occurs in children aged 4 to 12 years.
Chronic cystitis also belongs to the number of widespread urological diseases. According to research, chronic cystitis suffers from 11 to 21% of the population. A significant scatter of data is due to a different approach to determining chronic cystitis. Some studies of studies believe that the diagnosis of chronic cystitis should be made if the frequency of exacerbations is 2 times a year or more, other exacerbations do not specify.
Cystitis in the summer
It is unlikely that there is a woman who wants the pleasure of warm summer days to be overshadowed by such an unpleasant disease as cystitis. Meanwhile, in the summer, especially if a woman leaves far from home and falls into an unusual environment, there are many reasons for cystitis.
The most common causes of cystitis in the warm season:
- accommodation in a new place during vacation, causing problems subject to hygiene rules;
- hypothermia of the body, which occurs due to prolonged bathing in cold water;
- violation of the usual urination regime associated with a flight, moving or being in a new place (under such conditions, a woman often has to endure for a long time, waiting for a convenient occasion);
- A sharp change in climate, which negatively affects immunity.
An additional risk factor for the development of cystitis is sometimes an increase in sexual activity against the background of the listed conditions unfavorable for the female body.
If your vacation nevertheless overshadowed the occurrence of such an unpleasant disease as cystitis, you must urgently contact a urologist. To clarify the diagnosis, it will be necessary to undergo an ultrasound of the bladder and take urine analysis. Modern antibacterial drugs effectively affect cystitis, can accelerate recovery and prevent the transition of acute cystitis to chronic.
Unlike drugs of previous generations that affect the entire body, modern antibiotics used to treat cystitis selectively act on inflamed tissues of the bladder, practically without affecting other organs and systems. The concentration of drugs reaches the maximum values only in the urine and the inflamed mucous membrane of the bladder. This can minimize the toxicological load on the body in the treatment of cystitis and increase the effectiveness of drugs.
Phototoxicity is an unpleasant side effect caused by many drugs for the treatment of cystitis. It manifests itself in increased sensitivity to sunlight, the appearance of redness and burns even when exposed to ultraviolet rays of small intensity. It develops due to the presence of substances in drugs with the properties of photosensitizers and photoreactives. Such substances lead to the appearance of a large number of free radicals in the skin, which, in turn, causes the destruction of skin cells, inflammation and burns.
Cystitis during pregnancy
Cystitis can develop at any gestation. The probability of the development of cystitis increases due to the displacement of internal organs, which are pressed by an increasing uterus, changes in the hormonal background and hemodynamics. The impact of these factors causes incomplete emptying of the bladder, and the remains of urine in the bladder serve as a favorable environment for the development of bacteria.
At the first signs of cystitis, a pregnant woman should undergo an extraordinary consultation of a gynecologist who conducts pregnancy and tell him about the symptoms that have appeared. If necessary, the doctor will give the patient a direction to the urologist.
Children's cystitis
Cystitis can develop in a child of any age, however, for old-school and school-age girls, the risk of disease increases by 5-6 times. The main causes of the frequent development of cystitis in children of this group are a number of factors. The ovaries of the girls have not yet begun to produce estrogens, the barrier properties of the mucous membranes are low, and the wide and short urethra allows pathogenic microorganisms to get into the bladder cavity.
The probability of the development of cystitis increases in case of other diseases due to a decrease in immunity and the formation of favorable conditions for the reproduction of pathogenic microbes in the urethra. The main way to prevent cystitis in girls is to carefully comply with hygiene rules.
The causes of cystitis
In 70-95% of patients suffering from acute cystitis, the cause of the disease becomes an Eatherball wand, in 5-20% of patients, staphylococcus is found, and in the rest, proe or Klebsell acts as a pathogen. Typically, cystitis is caused by representatives of conditionally pathogenic flora. With the development of cystitis due to instrumental or surgical interventions, gram -negative bacteria often become the cause of the disease. The studies confirm that the pathogens of cystitis can be not only bacteria, but also viruses, mycoplasmas, trichomonas, chlamydia and various fungi.
The wide prevalence of cystitis in women is due to both the low length and wide gap of the urethra, and its location relative to other organs. Women's urethra, unlike the male, is close to the anus. The anatomical features and topography of the female body contribute to the penetration of pathogens into the urethra, their migration to the bladder and the development of cystitis.
In men, cystitis rarely develops. The reason for the occurrence of cystitis in men usually becomes inflammation of the urethra, prostate gland, appendages of testicles and seed bubbles. Sometimes the infection of the urethra occurs due to catheterization of the bladder in women and men.
The risk of cystitis increases during catheterization of the bladder in men suffering from prostate adenoma, one of the symptoms of which is a constant delay in urine. The danger of the development of cystitis also increases with the introduction of the catheter of a pregnant woman or recently gave birth to a woman, which is due to a decrease in the tone of the urinary tract.
Treatment of cystitis
The rapid cure of cystitis and the complete restoration of the mucous membrane of the bladder is possible with the timely start of treatment and the use of drugs sufficient effectiveness. It should be emphasized that the chances of fully getting rid of cystitis increase with timely diagnosis and the use of drugs that detectively on the pathogens of infection. Later, the beginning of treatment and the prescription of drugs that only eliminate the symptoms of cystitis, without affecting the pathogenic environment, can lead to the transition of acute cystitis to chronic.
The main task facing the doctor who treats cystitis is the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms that penetrated the bladder and caused inflammation of the mucosa. The choice of drugs for antibacterial cystitis therapy is determined by parameters such as the duration of the disease and the severity of symptoms. In addition, when selecting medicines, possible side effects, absorption of the drug, the method and rate of its excretion, the presence of concomitant diseases, etc. are taken into account.
The effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of cystitis is determined by the ability of this drug to affect certain microorganisms. It should be remembered that pathogenic bacteria adapt and become insensitive to antibiotics. Over time, the main causative agent of cystitis (E. coli) has become resistant to these medicines. In addition, drugs for the treatment of cystitis, related to the previous generation of antibiotics, had a fairly high level of toxicity and caused various side effects.
When choosing a drug for the treatment of cystitis, the cost of treatment should also be taken into account, which is determined not only by the cost of one tablet, but also by the real effectiveness of the antibiotic, the duration of the intake and the possible risk to the health of the patient. Today, there are available drugs for the treatment of cystitis, selectively affecting pathogens of the disease. Once in the body, the medicine is concentrated in the bladder, which allows you to increase its effectiveness. In addition, the use of the latest generation antibiotics ensures a reduction in cystitis treatment, reduces the likelihood of side effects and reduces the risk to the patient's body.
In the treatment of cystitis, fatty and spicy foods should be excluded from the diet, increase fluid intake and avoid hypothermia. A warm heating pad placed on the lower abdomen helps with cystitis. Complex treatment of cystitis in the use of ionoporesis, UHF or inductothermia is possible. We must not forget that in the presence of certain gynecological diseases, physiotization and thermal procedures are contraindicated.
Useful tips on the prevention of cystitis:
- Try to avoid hypothermia.
- Despite the circumstances, follow the rules of personal hygiene.
- For hygienic procedures, use neutral sparing detergents.
- During menstruation, change hygienic gaskets in a timely manner.
- Empty the bladder in time.
- Increase fluid intake.
- Excessively tight -fitting clothes can worsen blood circulation in the pelvic area, so it is better to refuse such clothes.
- Try to normalize the work of the intestines. With a tendency to constipation, the share of fresh fruits and vegetables in the diet should be increased.